final_assignment/a.tex

   1 %&a
   2 \begin{document}
   3 \maketitleru[authorstext={Author:},
   4         course={Philosophy and Ethics of Computer and Information Sciences}]
   5
   6 \section{Introduction}
   7 Ever since the dawn of human beings we have been prone to addictions.
   8 Genetically the body has been evolved to indulge itself into seemingly scarcely
   9 available activities. It seems that this behaviour is wired into every animal
  10 thus also including humans. In the 1954 Olds and Milner took a different turn
  11 on the classic Skinner experiments in which a \emph{Skinner Box} is used to
  12 train animals on exerting certain behaviour. Olds and Milner made a system in
  13 which rats could press a button to stimulate parts of the brain that express
  14 pleasure\cite{olds1954positive}. The results were horrific, rats would press
  15 the button over $6000$ times per hour. In later experiments it was found that
  16 rats would starve, ignore females and even endure pain via electrical shocks
  17 just to give them self pleasure. Moreover, years later, very controversial
  18 experiments have taken place resembling the Olds and Milner experiments with a
  19 human individual with strikingly similar results\cite{Moan1972septal}.
  20
  21 Luckily for animals this kind of hyper stimulation is not readily available at
  22 the press of a button. When this would be the case it can have detrimental
  23 effects on the society since primary needs are neglected. However, a new type
  24 of overstimulating has appeared in the society over the course of the
  25 digital revolution of our society. Stimuli that where scarce in the early days
  26 are now abundant and people can lavishly stimulate themselves with them by the
  27 press of a button. These stimuli arise from the connectivity that came with the
  28 internet. Never have there been times where consuming visual sexual stimuli was
  29 possible in such high quantities and with such variance in the material.
  30
  31 Numerous researchers and research groups have devoted their research onto the
  32 physical consequences of such hyper stimulation. However, studies are showing
  33 mixed results on these matters. Some studies show a correlation between for
  34 example erectile dysfunction and pornographic material
  35 consumption\cite{klein2015erectile} while other do not show significant
  36 results\cite{landripet2015pornography}. A recent survey from Park et
  37 al.\cite{park2016internet} shows that not so much a physical change is
  38 happening in the brain that causes these problems but also a psychological and
  39 societal problem. Excessive consumption of pornography even has been found to
  40 be inversely correlating with well being\cite{grubbs2015perceived}.
  41
  42 A couple of years ago there was a popular science article written with the
  43 catchy title: \emph{Your brain on porn}\cite{wilson2014your}. This already this
  44 gave the rise to very active online communities that try to suppress their own
  45 behaviour regarding the consumption of pornography. From within these
  46 communities\footnote{e.g.~\url{reddit.com/r/nofap}} a lot of anekdotal
  47 evidence arises that not consuming is very good for the general sexual health
  48 being. In short this means that it is no longer a question of what happens to
  49 your \emph{brain} on porn but even more so what happens to \emph{society} on
  50 porn.
  51
  52 \section{Research questions}
  53 This leads to the following main research question.
  54 \begin{center}
  55         \emph{How does the increase in consumption and ease of use of pornography
  56         via the internet change the society?}
  57 \end{center}
  58
  59 To tackle this question we split it up in to three parts. First a light will be
  60 shed on the aspect of attitude against sexuality. Are there shifts in
  61 normativity and is society adapting to the new situation by changing
  62 moralities.
  63
  64 After describing the change in attitude there will be elaborated upon the
  65 actual acts. Do, specifically adults, change their behaviours in practise
  66 because of the increase and easy of use of internet pornography.
  67
  68 Thirdly we try to discover what influences the aforementioned changes have on
  69 the youth and on education. Does society teach different moralities and
  70 behaviours than before?
  71
  72 Concluding this we will wrap up and provide an overview in the form of a
  73 description of general changes in society.
  74
  75 \section{Answers}
  76 \subsection{Attitude}
  77 %First question
  78 To answer the first question we should go back in time a little bit because
  79 pornography is of all ages. Starting in the sixties people started to document
  80 \emph{histories} of pornography. However, in those times there were hardly any
  81 methodological methods of describing such social histories and therefore it is
  82 mainly an enumeration of techniques\cite{hoff1989there}. This is in a contrast
  83 with the reality in which there is a rich history. Ancient paintings of sexual
  84 activities have been found and it has been documented that some sort of
  85 pornography existed in the forms such as voyeurism.
  86
  87 In the current age with the internet the field has changed enormously. Where
  88 people had to buy pornographic magazines in shabby stores earlier they now have
  89 every fetsh they imagined, and more, at their fingertips. A human browsing the
  90 web can see more people in one evening than a human say 100, 1000 or even
  91 10.000 years ago. In the internet era aberrant sexual behaviour is much more
  92 considered normal because of the use of pornography. While before the internet
  93 you really had to seek out companions or peers that also practised the
  94 abberative behaviour, currently you can seek contact with everyone in the world
  95 and the normativity changes. Suddenly there are numerous amounts of people that
  96 have the same interest. Moreover, this leads to the rise of these activities
  97 such as BSDM fantasies such as \emph{she-males} that were never so prevalent in
  98 society\cite{escoffier2011imagining}.  These trends show a change in sexuality.
  99 Gender becomes less important and more fluid and aberrant sexual fantasies
 100 become regular. Whether this stays to be a fantasy or becomes reality will be
 101 explored in the next research question.
 102
 103 \subsection{Act}
 104 The second aspect of the change in society will be the influence of the
 105 availability of internet pornography on real relations and sexual contact
 106 between adults. We specifically not focus on youth here because that is an
 107 entirely different matter and will be treated in the next subsection.
 108 %Second question
 109 % Adult social bonds and use of internet pornography
 110 % A study on the processes underlying Internet pornography and adolescents' beliefs about having sex
 111 % Internet pornography and relationship quality: A longitudinal study of within and between partner effects of adjustment, sexual satisfaction and sexually explicit internet …
 112
 113 \subsection{Education}
 114 %Third question
 115 % The Nature and Dynamics of Internet Pornography Exposure for Youth
 116 % Self-perceived effects of internet pornography use, genital appearance satisfaction, and sexual self-esteem among young scandinavian adults
 117 % Generation XXX: Pornography acceptance and use among emerging adults
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122 \section{Conclusion}
 123 From the subquestions we can conclude that there is a shift going on in
 124 accessability, normativity and influence on individials of pornography.
 125
 126 \bibliographystyle{ieeetr}
 127 \bibliography{a}
 128 \end{document}