final_assignment/a.tex

   1 %&a
   2 \begin{document}
   3 \maketitleru[authorstext={Author:},
   4         course={Philosophy and Ethics of Computer and Information Sciences}]
   5
   6 \section{Introduction}
   7 Ever since the dawn of human beings we have been prone to addictions.
   8 Genetically the body has been evolved to indulge itself into seemingly scarcely
   9 available activities. It seems that this behaviour is wired into every animal
  10 thus also including humans. In the 1954 Olds and Milner took a different turn
  11 on the classic Skinner experiments in which a \emph{Skinner Box} is used to
  12 train animals on exerting certain behaviour. Olds and Milner made a system in
  13 which rats could press a button to stimulate parts of the brain that express
  14 pleasure\cite{olds1954positive}. The results were horrific, rats would press
  15 the button over $6000$ times per hour. In later experiments it was found that
  16 rats would starve, ignore females and even endure pain via electrical shocks
  17 just to give them self pleasure. Moreover, years later, very controversial
  18 experiments have taken place resembling the Olds and Milner experiments with a
  19 human individual with strikingly similar results\cite{Moan1972septal}.
  20
  21 Luckily for animals this kind of hyper stimulation is not readily available at
  22 the press of a button. When this would be the case it can have detrimental
  23 effects on the society since primary needs are neglected. However, a new type
  24 of overstimulating has appeared in the society over the course of the
  25 digital revolution of our society. Stimuli that where scarce in the early days
  26 are now abundant and people can lavishly stimulate themselves with them by the
  27 press of a button. These stimuli arise from the connectivity that came with the
  28 internet. Never have there been times where consuming visual sexual stimuli was
  29 possible in such high quantities and with such variance in the material.
  30
  31 Numerous researchers and research groups have devoted their research onto the
  32 physical consequences of such hyper stimulation. However, studies are showing
  33 mixed results on these matters. Some studies show a correlation between for
  34 example erectile dysfunction and pornographic material
  35 consumption\cite{klein2015erectile} while other do not show significant
  36 results\cite{landripet2015pornography}. A recent survey from Park et
  37 al.\cite{park2016internet} shows that not so much a physical change is
  38 happening in the brain that causes these problems but also a psychological and
  39 societal problem. Excessive consumption of pornography even has been found to
  40 be inversely correlating with well being\cite{grubbs2015perceived}.
  41
  42 A couple of years ago there was a popular science article written with the
  43 catchy title: \emph{Your brain on porn}\cite{wilson2014your}. This already this
  44 gave the rise to very active online communities that try to suppress their own
  45 behaviour regarding the consumption of pornography. From within these
  46 communities\footnote{e.g.~\url{reddit.com/r/nofap}} a lot of anekdotal
  47 evidence arises that not consuming is very good for the general sexual health
  48 being. In short this means that it is no longer a question of what happens to
  49 your \emph{brain} on porn but even more so what happens to \emph{society} on
  50 porn.
  51
  52 \section{Research questions}
  53 This leads to the following main research question.
  54 \begin{itemize}
  55         \item\emph{How does the increase in consumption and ease of use of
  56                 pornography via the internet change the society?}
  57 \end{itemize}
  58
  59 Which in turn can be split up in to the following subquestions.
  60
  61 \begin{itemize}
  62         \item\emph{Does society's view on sexuality change due to the change in
  63                 consumption of sexual visual stimuli?}
  64         \item\emph{Does the view on actual sexual intercourse and relations change
  65                 because of the changes in availability of pornography?}
  66         \item\emph{Does sexual education change because of the inadvertent exposure
  67                 to pornograhy?}
  68 \end{itemize}
  69
  70 First the subquestions will be answered one by one to later conclude with a
  71 general answer to the main research question.
  72
  73 \section{Answers}
  74 %First question
  75 To answer the first question we should go back in time a little bit because
  76 pornography is of all ages. Starting in the sixties people started to document
  77 \emph{histories} of pornography. However, in those times there were hardly any
  78 methodological methods of describing such social histories and therefore it is
  79 mainly an enumeration of techniques\cite{hoff1989there}. This is in a contrast
  80 with the reality in which there is a rich history. Ancient paintings of sexual
  81 activities have been found and it has been documented that some sort of
  82 pornography existed in the forms such as voyeurism.
  83
  84 In the current age with the internet the field has changed enormously. Where
  85 people had to buy pornographic magazines in shabby stores earlier they now have
  86 every fetsh they imagined, and more, at their fingertips. A human browsing the
  87 web can see more people in one evening than a human say 100, 1000 or even
  88 10.000 years ago.
  89
  90 % Internet pornography: A social psychological perspective on internet sexuality
  91 % The role of Internet pornography in adolescents' orientation towards sexual
  92 % performance: A longitudinal study
  93
  94 %Second question
  95 % Adult social bonds and use of internet pornography
  96 % A study on the processes underlying Internet pornography and adolescents' beliefs about having sex
  97 % Internet pornography and relationship quality: A longitudinal study of within and between partner effects of adjustment, sexual satisfaction and sexually explicit internet …
  98
  99 %Third question
 100 % The Nature and Dynamics of Internet Pornography Exposure for Youth
 101 % Self-perceived effects of internet pornography use, genital appearance satisfaction, and sexual self-esteem among young scandinavian adults
 102 % Generation XXX: Pornography acceptance and use among emerging adults
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107 \section{Conclusion}
 108 From the subquestions we can conclude that there is a shift going on in
 109 accessability, normativity and influence on individials of pornography.
 110
 111 \bibliographystyle{ieeetr}
 112 \bibliography{a}
 113 \end{document}