%&asr
\usepackage[nonumberlist,acronyms]{glossaries}
-\makeglossaries%
+%\makeglossaries%
\newacronym{ANN}{ANN}{Artificial Neural Network}
\newacronym{HMM}{HMM}{Hidden Markov Model}
\newacronym{GMM}{GMM}{Gaussian Mixture Models}
%Introduction, leading to a clearly defined research question
\chapter{Introduction}
\section{Introduction}
-The \gls{IFPI} stated that about $43\%$ of music revenue rises from digital
-distribution. The overtake on physical formats took place somewhere in 2015 and
-since twenty years the music industry has seen significant
-growth~\footnote{\url{http://www.ifpi.org/facts-and-stats.php}}.
+The primary medium for music distribution is rapidly changing from physical
+media to digital media. The \gls{IFPI} stated that about $43\%$ of music
+revenue rises from digital distribution. Another $39\%$ arises from the
+physical sale and the remaining $16\%$ is made through performance and
+synchronisation revenieus. The overtake of digital formats on physical formats
+took place somewhere in 2015. Moreover, ever since twenty years the music
+industry has seen significant growth
+again\footnote{\url{http://www.ifpi.org/facts-and-stats.php}}.
+
+There has always been an interest in lyrics to music alignment to be used in
+for example karaoke. As early as in the late 1980s karaoke machines were
+available for consumers. While the lyrics for the track are almost always
+available, a alignment is not and it involves manual labour to create such an
+alignment.
A lot of this musical distribution goes via non-official channels such as
-YouTube~\footnote{\url{https://youtube.com}} in which fans of the musical group
-accompany the music with synchronized lyrics so that users can sing or read
-along. Because of this interest it is very useful to device automatic
-techniques for segmenting instrumental and vocal parts of a song and
-apply forced alignment or even lyrics recognition on the audio file.
+YouTube\footnote{\url{https://youtube.com}} in which fans of the performers
+often accompany the music with synchronized lyrics. This means that there is an
+enormous treasure of lyrics-annotated music available but not within our reach
+since the subtitles are almost always hardcoded into the video stream and thus
+not directly usable as data. Because of this interest it is very useful to
+device automatic techniques for segmenting instrumental and vocal parts of a
+song, apply forced alignment or even lyrics recognition on the audio file.
Such techniques are heavily researched and working systems have been created.
-However, these techniques are designed to detect a clean singing voice. Extreme
-genres such as \gls{dm} are using more extreme vocal techniques such as
-grunting or growling. It must be noted that grunting is not a technique only
-used in extreme metal styles. Similar or equal techniques have been used in
-\emph{Beijing opera}, Japanese \emph{Noh} and but also more western styles like
-jazz singing by Louis Armstrong~\cite{sakakibara_growl_2004}. It might even be
-traced back to viking times. An arab merchant wrote in the tenth
-century~\cite{friis_vikings_2004}:
+However, these techniques are designed to detect a clean singing voice and have
+not been testen on so-called \emph{extended vocal techniques} such as grunting
+or growling. Growling is heavily used in extreme metal genres such as \gls{dm}
+but it must be noted that grunting is not a technique only used in extreme
+metal styles. Similar or equal techniques have been used in \emph{Beijing
+opera}, Japanese \emph{Noh} and but also more western styles like jazz singing
+by Louis Armstrong\cite{sakakibara_growl_2004}. It might even be traced back
+to viking times. For example, an arab merchant visiting a village in Denmark
+wrote in the tenth century\cite{friis_vikings_2004}:
\begin{displayquote}
Never before I have heard uglier songs than those of the Vikings in
howling, only more untamed.
\end{displayquote}
-%A majority of the music is not only instrumental but also contains vocal
-%segments.
-%
-%Music is a leading type of data distributed on the internet. Regular music
-%distribution is almost entirely digital and services like Spotify and YouTube
-%allow one to listen to almost any song within a few clicks. Moreover, there are
-%myriads of websites offering lyrics of songs.
-%
-%\todo{explain relevancy, (preprocessing for lyric alignment)}
-%
-%This leads to the following research question:
-%\begin{center}\em%
-% Are standard \gls{ANN} based techniques for singing voice detection
-% suitable for non-standard musical genres like Death metal.
-%\end{center}
+\section{\gls{dm}}
%Literature overview / related work
\section{Related work}
The field of applying standard speech processing techniques on music started in
-the late 90s~\cite{saunders_real-time_1996,scheirer_construction_1997} and it
+the late 90s\cite{saunders_real-time_1996,scheirer_construction_1997} and it
was found that music has different discriminating features compared to normal
speech.
To run the experiments data has been collected from several \gls{dm} albums.
The exact data used is available in Appendix~\ref{app:data}. The albums are
extracted from the audio CD and converted to a mono channel waveform with the
-correct samplerate \emph{SoX}~\footnote{\url{http://sox.sourceforge.net/}}.
+correct samplerate \emph{SoX}\footnote{\url{http://sox.sourceforge.net/}}.
When the waveforms are finished they are converted to \glspl{MFCC} vectors
using the \emph{python\_speech\_features}%
-~\footnote{\url{https://github.com/jameslyons/python_speech_features}} package.
+\footnote{\url{https://github.com/jameslyons/python_speech_features}} package.
All these steps combined results in thirteen tab separated features per line in
-a file for every source file. Every file is annotated using
-Praat~\cite{boersma_praat_2002} where the utterances are manually aligned to
-the audio. An example of an utterances are shown in
-Figures~\ref{fig:bloodstained,fig:abominations}. It is clearly visible that
-within the genre of death metal there are a lot of different spectral patterns
+a file for every source file. Technical info about the processing steps is
+given in the following sections. Every file is annotated using
+Praat\cite{boersma_praat_2002} where the utterances are manually aligned to
+the audio. Examples of utterances are shown in
+Figure~\ref{fig:bloodstained} and Figure~\ref{fig:abominations} where the
+waveform, $1-8000$Hz spectrals and annotations are shown. It is clearly visible
+that within the genre of death metal there are a different spectral patterns
visible.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\caption{Outline}
\end{table}
+\section{Features}
+
+
\todo{Explain why MFCC and which parameters}
\todo{Spectrals might be enough, no decorrelation}
repositories / asr1617.git / blobdiff