year = {2004},
pages = {75--88},
}
+
+@article{muusses_internet_2015,
+ title = {Internet pornography and relationship quality: {A} longitudinal study of within and between partner effects of adjustment, sexual satisfaction and sexually explicit internet material among newly-weds},
+ volume = {45},
+ issn = {07475632},
+ shorttitle = {Internet pornography and relationship quality},
+ url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0747563214006955},
+ doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.077},
+ language = {en},
+ urldate = {2017-01-26},
+ journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
+ author = {Muusses, Linda D. and Kerkhof, Peter and Finkenauer, Catrin},
+ month = apr,
+ year = {2015},
+ pages = {77--84},
+}
+
+@article{harkness2015association,
+ title={Association between pornography use and sexual risk behaviors in
+ adult consumers: a systematic review},
+ author={Harkness, Emily L and Mullan, Barbara and Blaszczynski, Alex},
+ journal={Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking},
+ volume={18},
+ number={2},
+ pages={59--71},
+ year={2015},
+ publisher={Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd
+ Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA}
+}
+
+@article{kvalem2015self,
+ title={Self-perceived effects of internet pornography use, genital
+ appearance satisfaction, and sexual self-esteem among young
+ scandinavian adults},
+ author={Kvalem, Ingela Lundin and Tr{\ae}en, Bente and Lewin, Bo and
+ {\v{S}}tulhofer, Aleksandar},
+ journal={Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on
+ Cyberspace},
+ volume={8},
+ number={4},
+ year={2015}
+}
+
+@article{carroll2008generation,
+ title={Generation XXX: Pornography acceptance and use among emerging
+ adults},
+ author={Carroll, Jason S and Padilla-Walker, Laura M and Nelson, Larry
+ J and Olson, Chad D and McNamara Barry, Carolyn and Madsen,
+ Stephanie D},
+ journal={Journal of adolescent research},
+ volume={23},
+ number={1},
+ pages={6--30},
+ year={2008},
+ publisher={Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
+}
+
course={Philosophy and Ethics of Computer and Information Sciences}]
\section{Introduction}
-Ever since the dawn of human beings we have been prone to addictions.
-Genetically the body has been evolved to indulge itself into seemingly scarcely
-available activities. It seems that this behaviour is wired into every animal
-thus also including humans. In the 1954 Olds and Milner took a different turn
-on the classic Skinner experiments in which a \emph{Skinner Box} is used to
-train animals on exerting certain behaviour. Olds and Milner made a system in
-which rats could press a button to stimulate parts of the brain that express
-pleasure\cite{olds1954positive}. The results were horrific, rats would press
+Ever since the dawn of human beings we have been prone to addictions and we
+must actively inhibit certain urges. Genetically the body has been evolved to
+indulge itself into seemingly scarcely available activities. It seems that this
+behaviour is wired into every animal thus also including humans. In the 1954
+Olds and Milner took a different turn on the classic Skinner experiments in
+which a \emph{Skinner Box} is used to train animals on exerting certain
+behaviour. Olds and Milner made a system in which rats could press a button to
+stimulate parts of the brain that make you feel
+pleasure\cite{olds1954positive}. The results were horrific, the rats pressed
the button over $6000$ times per hour. In later experiments it was found that
-rats would starve, ignore females and even endure pain via electrical shocks
-just to give them self pleasure. Moreover, years later, very controversial
-experiments have taken place resembling the Olds and Milner experiments with a
-human individual with strikingly similar results\cite{Moan1972septal}.
-
-Luckily for animals this kind of hyper stimulation is not readily available at
-the press of a button. When this would be the case it can have detrimental
-effects on the society since primary needs are neglected. However, a new type
-of overstimulating has appeared in the society over the course of the
-digital revolution of our society. Stimuli that where scarce in the early days
-are now abundant and people can lavishly stimulate themselves with them by the
-press of a button. These stimuli arise from the connectivity that came with the
-internet. Never have there been times where consuming visual sexual stimuli was
-possible in such high quantities and with such variance in the material.
+rats would starve themselves, ignore female species and even endure pain via
+electrical shocks just to give them the pleasure of pressing the button to get
+the brain stimulation. Moreover, years later, very controversial experiments
+have taken place resembling the Olds and Milner experiments with a human
+individual with strikingly similar results\cite{Moan1972septal}.
+
+Luckily for us and other animals this kind of hyper stimulation is not readily
+available at the press of a button. If this would be the case it would have
+detrimental effects on society since it would lead to a neglectance of primary
+needs. However, over the course of the digital revolution, a new type of
+overstimulating has appeared in the human society. Sexual stimuli that where
+scarce earlier are now abundant. People can lavishly stimulate themselves by
+the press of a simple button. These stimuli arise from the connectivity that
+came with the internet and became to get known as internet pornography. Never
+have there been times where consuming visual sexual stimuli was possible in
+such high quantities and with such variance in the material.
Numerous researchers and research groups have devoted their research onto the
physical consequences of such hyper stimulation. However, studies are showing
-mixed results on these matters. Some studies show a correlation between for
-example erectile dysfunction and pornographic material
-consumption\cite{klein2015erectile} while other do not show significant
+mixed results on these matters. Most of these studies try to find correlations
+between the physical well being and pornography consumption. The results are
+mixed however. There are studies that show a correlation between for example
+erectile dysfunction and pornographic material
+consumption\cite{klein2015erectile} while other show only insignificant
results\cite{landripet2015pornography}. A recent survey from Park et
-al.\cite{park2016internet} shows that not so much a physical change is
-happening in the brain that causes these problems but also a psychological and
-societal problem. Excessive consumption of pornography even has been found to
-be inversely correlating with well being\cite{grubbs2015perceived}.
-
-A couple of years ago there was a popular science article written with the
-catchy title: \emph{Your brain on porn}\cite{wilson2014your}. This already this
-gave the rise to very active online communities that try to suppress their own
-behaviour regarding the consumption of pornography. From within these
-communities\footnote{e.g.~\url{reddit.com/r/nofap}} a lot of anekdotal
-evidence arises that not consuming is very good for the general sexual health
-being. In short this means that it is no longer a question of what happens to
-your \emph{brain} on porn but even more so what happens to \emph{society} on
-porn.
-
+al.\cite{park2016internet} shows excessive pornography consumption does not so
+much cause a physical change in the brain. Evermore so it leads to negative
+psychological changes. Excessive consumption of pornography even has been found
+to be negatively correlating with direct well being\cite{grubbs2015perceived}.
+
+Several years ago a popular science article was written on the subject that had
+the catchy title: ``Your brain on porn''\cite{wilson2014your}. The article gave
+the layman a view on the physical and psychological changes that pornography
+consumption gives. This article, together with other voices, gave the rise to
+very active online communities that try to inhibit their own behaviour
+regarding the consumption of pornography. From within these
+communities\footnote{e.g.~\url{reddit.com/r/nofap}} a lot of extra anekdotal
+evidence arose that not consuming is very good for the general sexual health
+being. These changes show that we should reformulate the question. It is not
+so much a question on what porn does to your \emph{brain} but even more so the
+question of what pornography does to \emph{society}.
+
+\newpage
\section{Research questions}
This leads to the following main research question.
\begin{center}
society\cite{escoffier2011imagining}. These trends show a change in sexuality.
Gender becomes less important and more fluid and aberrant sexual fantasies
become regular. Whether this stays to be a fantasy or becomes reality will be
-explored in the next research question.
+explored in the next section.
\subsection{Act}
The second aspect of the change in society will be the influence of the
between adults. We specifically not focus on youth here because that is an
entirely different matter and will be treated in the next subsection.
-%Second question
-A little over a decade ago Stack, Wasserman and Kern studied the change in
-adult social bonds duo to pornography\cite{stack_adult_2004}.
-
-% Adult social bonds and use of internet pornography
-% A study on the processes underlying Internet pornography and adolescents' beliefs about having sex
-% Internet pornography and relationship quality: A longitudinal study of within and between partner effects of adjustment, sexual satisfaction and sexually explicit internet …
+A little over a decade ago Stack, Wasserman and Kern studied the influence of
+pornography to adult social bonds\cite{stack_adult_2004}. It showed that
+pornography deviant, albeit sexual, behaviours weher indicators of cyberporn
+use. Moreover, numerous studies have found a negative relation in the use of
+pornography and relationship quality\cite{muusses_internet_2015}. In this study
+by Musses et al.\ it was found that while short-term effects are prevalent, in
+this longitudinal study there were no long-term effects. These short-term
+effects were summarized by Harkness et al.\ and show an association between
+pornography and sexual risk behaviours\cite{harkness2015association}.
\subsection{Education}
-%Third question
-% The Nature and Dynamics of Internet Pornography Exposure for Youth
-% Self-perceived effects of internet pornography use, genital appearance satisfaction, and sexual self-esteem among young scandinavian adults
-% Generation XXX: Pornography acceptance and use among emerging adults
-
-
-
+Finally, to see the effect on society we specifically take a look at the
+educational part of the matter. Does sexuality for youth and adolescents change
+because of the prevalence of internet pornography.
+
+A study from Kvalem et al.\ revealed that the view on sexuality is changing
+on young men due to pornography consumption\cite{kvalem2015self}. Oddly enough
+there was no significant effect on women. This can be explained by the fact
+that the consumption percentages were a lot lower. More $80\%$ of the male
+reported weekly use in contrast to less than $20\%$ of the women. Presumably it
+is a lot less accepted to consume pornography for women because their view on
+it is also different.
+
+Another study by Nelson et al.\ showed that almost half of the women and
+roughly two thirds of the men view pornography consumption as
+acceptable\cite{carroll2008generation}. The percentage of students that used
+pornography was about the same as in the Kvalem et al.\ study. This shows that
+there is while the use has risen over the years the acceptance is lagging
+behind a little bit.
+
+A similar study also shows that the average age of exposure is lowering. Sabina
+et al.\ showed about the same numbers as the previous study regarding exposer
+below 18 years of age.
\section{Conclusion}
-From the subquestions we can conclude that there is a shift going on in
-accessability, normativity and influence on individials of pornography.
+From the answers we can conclude that there is a shift going on in society's
+view on pornography and society itself. While in the early days pornography
+was for the select few and was frowned upon it is now abundant in volume and
+frequency. This results in to a change of the consumption. People start to use
+pornography earlier on in their lives and it is regarded more and more as
+normal. This shift leads to previously aberrant sexual fantasies becoming
+more regular and, at least on the short term, aberrant sexual behaviours
+becoming more prevalent.
+
+All this change can be led back to the inhibition mechanisms humans, and all
+other animals exhibit. We are to consume at the fullest when we can consume a
+scarse resource because who knows when you will encounter the resource
+again\ldots In society already subcultures and groups arise to combat the easy
+seductions and to reprogram our minds.
\bibliographystyle{ieeetr}
\bibliography{a}
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